Hardware Benchmarks Running UCSF Chimera

These scores measure the graphics card and CPU performance using Chimera to render volume data and molecular models. The benchmarks are run using Chimera menu entry Tools / Utilities / Benchmark.

Volume benchmarks

The volume scores (Surface, Mesh, Contour, Solid, Recolor) give the edge size of a cube shaped volume data array such that rendering or contouring or recoloring can be performed 10 times per second. Data of this size can be easily manipulated in Chimera.

Doubling a surface or mesh rendering score means rendering 4 times as many triangles or lines per second. Doubling a contouring, solid rendering or solid recoloring score means processing 8 times as many data points per second.

Molecule benchmarks

The molecule scores (Wire, Stick, BStick, Ribbon, Sphere, Ops) give the frames-per-second for molecule 1F4H in different display styles.

Results

This table includes Chimera versions 1.2525 (June 5, 2008) and later. An OpenGL optimization (vertex buffer objects) was added in this release that speeds up surface and mesh rendering. The optimization is present on all platforms except Mac X11. Older scores.

			Volume Scores					Molecule Scores
Graphics	Graphics Memory (Mb)	OS Type	Approx Cost	Surface	Mesh	Contour	Solid	Recolor	Wire	Stick	BStick	Ribbon	Sphere	Ops	Notes	Test Date	Chimera Version	Machine	Processor	Clock (GHz)	Main Memory (Gb)	OS Version	Driver Version	Host name
Radeon HD 4850	512	Linux	$200	1765	1183	202	751	505	43.4	9.3	8.7	32.9	14.9	49.2	sent by email	7/09	1.4_b27984 64-bit		8 Core i7 920	1.6	6	Linux 2.6.27.24-170.2.68.fc10.x86_64	2.1.8673	From Greg Couch
Quadro FX 3800	1024	Linux	$800	1603	1147	184	378	290	26.9	9.9	9.9	32.2	15.6	40.2	7787	10/09	1.4_b29041 64-bit		8 Intel Xeon E5520	2.3	6	Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 (Tikanga)	3.0.0 NVIDIA 185.18.36
Radeon HD 4850	512	Windows	$200	1571	1094	186	512	376	32.1	8.6	7.7	35.9	12.7	75.0	7496	7/09	1.4_b28136		8 Core i7 920	1.6	6	Vista Home	2.1.8673	From Greg Couch
ATI FirePro V7750	1024	Linux	$700	1527	1527	223	674	410	561	11.2	11.2	33.8	25.4	58.2	8171	2/10	1.5_b29999		8 Core i7 920	1.6	6	Linux 2.6.30.10-105.2.4.fc11.x86_64	3.2.9236 FireGL	From Greg Couch
Radeon HD 4850	512	Linux	$200	1391	924	201	747	419	44.5	10.0	9.4	18.9	16.0	49.3	7339	6/09	1.4_b27722	Dell Studio 435MT	Quad-Core i7 920	1.6	6	Linux 2.6.27.24-170.2.68.fc10.x86_64	2.1.8664	From Greg Couch
Quadro FX 580	512	Windows	$200	1326	910	178	506	354	603	13.3	13.0	44.1	28.5	38.5	8072	1/10	1.4_b29530	Dell Precision WorkStation T3500			12	Windows Server 2003, SP2	3.0.0
Radeon HD 4870	512	Mac	$200	1321	1316	199	512	454	1995	5.0	5.1	21.9	8.7	69.4	8076.	1/10	1.5_b29744	MacPro	Quad-Core Intel Xeon	2.9	6	10.6.2	2.1 ATI-1.6.6	mach.cgl.ucsf.edu
Quadro FX 1700	512	Linux	$600	1284	1004	180	123	111	60	16.0	15.8	25.2	19.9	32.5	6337	9/08	2540					Linux 2.6.25-16-0.1 x86_64	2.1.2 nvidia 173.14.12
Radeon HD 4870	512	Mac	$200	1200+	1200+	196	512	462	35.5	4.6	4.7	20.0	8.5	62.6	7345. Surface/mesh hangs machine at size 1300.	6/09	1.4_b27713	MacPro	Quad-Core Intel Xeon	2.9	6	10.5.7	2.0 ATI-1.5.44	mach.cgl.ucsf.edu
Radeon HD 4850	512	Windows	$200	1194	892	139	217	95	60	6.5	6.3	12.9	11.0	28.6	6129 (4)	8/08	2540				2	XP Pro SP2	2.1.7769
Quadro FX 5600	1536	Mac	$2400	1146	957	184	732	385	25.6	2.9	2.9	8.7	5.3	39.8	7790	10/09	1.4_b29093 Aqua	Mac Pro	Dual Intel Xeon Quad-Core	3.2	32	Mac OS 10.6.1	2.1 NVIDIA-1.6.2
GeForce 9800 GTX	512	Windows	$300	956	656	175	470	280	61	10.2	10.2	30.5	18.8	41.3	6688	12/08	1.3.2575				3.25	Vista Pro SP1	2.1.2
GeForce GTX 285	1024	Linux	$400	935	696	174	6878(?)	398	28.4	7.4	7.3	29.5	13.9	35.7	7807	10/09	1.4_b29093 64-bit		8 Quad-Core AMD Opteron Processor 2380	2.5	32	openSUSE 11.1	3.0.0 NVIDIA 185.18.36
GeForce GTS 250	512	Linux	$150	932	641	176	635	392	1041	13.4	13.2	37.8	30.4	32.1	7966	12/09	1.4_b29402		4 Intel Core 2 Quad Q8200	2.33	3	Ubuntu 9.04	3.0.0 NVIDIA 180.44
GeForce GTX 280	1024	Windows	$500	888	735	220	511	166	75	16.6	16.7	33.3	30.9	82	5921 (4)	7/08	2539	132-CK-NF79	Intel Core 2 Quad Q9450	2.66	6	Vista Pro SP1	2.1.2	from Marcelo Berardi
GeForce 9800 GTX	512	Windows	$300	887	606	171	512	292	60	10.0	10.0	29.9	18.8	40	6623	11/08	1.3.2575				2	Vista Pro SP1	2.1.2
GeForce 9600 GT	512	Windows	$100	885	579	179	453	312	461	13.8	13.9	42.0	26.0	43.9	8176	2/10	1.4.1_b29977				2	Microsoft Windows 7 (Build 7600) (on x64)	3.2.0
Quadro FX 5600	1536	Mac	$2800	874	876	183	406	151	99	4.8	4.7	7.4	6.7	47.9	6071 (4)	7/08	2540 Aqua	Mac Pro	Dual Intel Xeon Quad-Core	2.8	10	Mac OS 10.5.4	2.0 nvidia 1.5.28	strawson.cgl.ucsf.edu
Radeon HD 4330	256?	Windows	laptop	874	661	177	242	199	252	8.3	7.5	15.6	14.5	44.8	8275	3/10	1.4.1_b30192	Dell Inspiron 1545			3.5	Windows Vista SP2	2.1.8306 Release
Quadro FX 4600	768	Linux	$1600	864	847	167	512	330	28.7	7.7	7.7	20.0	12.4	24.3	7806	10/09	1.4_b27277 64-bit				16	OpenSUSE 10.3	2.1.2 NVIDIA 177.13
GeForce GTX 285	1024	Windows	$400	862	584	208	512	440	857.4	18.4	18.9	49.4	33.3	80.8	8034	12/09	1.4_b29530				12	Windows 7, build 7600, x64	3.2.0
GeForce 8600 GTS	256 or 512	Linux	$100	856	595	169	512	328	499	11.8	11.9	35.5	23.2	26.5	8355	3/10	1.4.1_b30282		2 AMD 64 X2 4800+	2.5	4	Linux 2.6.32.10-90.fc12.x86_64	3.2.0 NVIDIA 190.53
GeForce GT 120	512	Mac	$150	848	853	186	512	298	22.8	1.4	1.4	5.9	3.1	38.5	7618	8/09	1.4_b28682	Mac Pro	Dual Intel Xeon Quad-Core	2.8	10	Mac OS 10.5.8	2.0 nvidia 1.5.48	strawson.cgl.ucsf.edu
Quadro FX 3700	512	Linux	$1000	848	738	198	255	168	60	20.0	19.9	25.1	30.0	30.0	6095	7/08	2540					Linux 2.6.24.19-generic, x86_64	2.1.2 NVIDIA 169.12
GeForce 9800 GT	512	Windows	$150	843	586	175	460	305	60	9.2	9.4	30.0	17.2	40.4	6989	2/09	1.3.2575				3	Vista Pro SP1	3.0.0
GeForce 8800 GT	512	Windows	$250	839	579	192	441	290	635	14.5	14.4	31.2	25.9	52.7	8345	3/10	1.4.1_b30282	Gateway FX7026			8	Vista SP2	3.2.0
GeForce GTX 260	896	Linux	$200	824	532	200	734	178	28.4	9.7	9.6	26.4	16.2	36.1	7963	12/09	1.4_b28933 64-bit		8 Intel Xeon E5430	2.66	16	Mandriva 2009.1	3.0.0 NVIDIA 185.18.31
Radeon HD 3650	512?	Windows	$100	811	640	190	266	122	60	10.5	10.1	18.5	19.8	43.0	6470 (4)	10/08	2540	Dell Vostro 410			3	XP Pro SP3	2.1.7281 Release
Quadro FX 4500	512	Mac	$500	810	701	168	350	213	27.0	3.8	4.0	9.4	6.7	18.1	7969	12/09	1.5_b29523	Power Mac G5 Quad	4 PPC G5	2.5	8	Mac OS 10.5.7	2.0 NVIDIA-1.5.44
GeForce 9800 GT	512	Linux	$100	784	512	206	720	349	854	26.4	26.4	39.8	55.7	42.6	8349	3/10	1.4.1_b30282 64-bit				8	Ubuntu 9.10	3.2.0 NVIDIA 195.36.15
Quadro FX 4400	512	Windows	$400	782	674	151	291	120	60	9.9	9.8	18.0	20.0	24.4	6283 (4)	9/08	2540	HP xw6200				XP Pro SP3	2.1.2
GeForce 8600 GT	256	Linux	$100	772	513	173	402	133	60	14.2	14.1	37.2	27.7	33.5	6070	7/08	2540					Linux 2.6.23.17-88.fc7, x86_64	2.1.2 NVIDIA 173.14.09
Quadro FX 3600M	512	Windows	$1000	768	768	191	262	133	60	15.2	15.1	31.6	28.1	43.3	6153	8/08	2540	Dell Precision M6300	Intel Core 2 Duo		3.5	XP Pro SP2	2.1.2
GeForce 8600 GT	256	Linux	$100	761	522	152	452	325	60	10.6	10.6	28.5	20.9	27.5	6645	12/08	1.3.2576				2	Ubuntu 8.10, Linux 2.6.27-7-generic i686	2.1.2 NVIDIA 177.82
GeForce 9500 GT	512 or 1024	Windows	$60	758	506	204	140	132	190	19.3	19.3	51.3	30.9	73.8	8289	3/10	1.4.1_b30192				8	Windows 7 x64	3.2.0
Quadro FX 570	256	Linux	$200	756	705	205	374	392	60	15.0	15.0	20.1	20.0	37.2	6923	2/09	1.3.2577 64-bit				8	RHEL 5 (Tikanga)	2.1.2 NVIDIA 169.12
GeForce 9600 GT	512	Windows	$150	756	521	186	27	279	60	15.6	15.8	29.6	15.9	38.0	6842	1/09	1.3.2577					Windows XP SP3 (build 2600)	2.1.2
GeForce 9800M GS	512	Windows	laptop	732	513	195	261	314	60	11.9	11.9	27.1	19.8	58.8	7579	8/09	1.3.2577	ASUS G50VT			4	Windows 6.1 Pro (build 7077)	2.1.2
Quadro FX 770M	512	Windows	laptop	721	1103	188	512	316	60	4.5	4.6	13.7	5.4	50.8	7062	3/09	1.3	HP EliteBook 8530w			4	Vista SP1	2.1.2
Radeon 9600M GT	512	Mac	laptop	715	449	188	350	396	60	3.4	3.5	8.5	5.7	39.3	7762	10/09	1.3.2577 Aqua	MacBook Pro	Intel Core 2 Duo	2.8	4	Mac OS 10.6.1	2.1 NVIDIA-1.6.2
GeForce GT 120	512	Mac	$150	708	471	178	390	275	349	5.6	5.3	5.3	11.0	48.2	8022, 2560x1600 screen	12/09	1.4_b29530 AGL	Mac Pro	Quad-Core Intel Xeon	2.26	12	Mac OS 10.5.8	2.0 nvidia 1.5.48
GeForce 9400 GT	512 or 1024	Linux	$50	706	494	162	451	256	59.9	10.5	10.2	18.2	18.5	19.5	7915	11/09	1.3.2577				3	openSUSE 11.1	3.0.0 NVIDIA 180.29
GeForce 8800 GTS	512	Windows	$300	692	529	197	349	149	60	18.9	18.8	20.0	30.0	49.2	6285 (4)	9/08	2540					XP Pro SP3	2.1.2
GeForce GTX 260M	1024	Linux	laptop	688	458	170	559	413	666	14.1	13.7	38.8	26.5	30.9	7965	12/09	1.4_b29486, 64-bit		8 Intel Core i7 Q720	1.60	4	Ubuntu 9.10	3.0.0 NVIDIA 185.18.36
GeForce 9400 GT	512 or 1024	Linux	$50	679	453	173	437	300	60	11.4	11.0	24.0	21.0	27.0	7916	11/09	1.3.2577				4		2.1.2 NVIDIA 180.22
GeForce 8800 GS	512	Mac	$100	668	453	190	355	152	60	5.0	5.0	8.4	7.5	43.4	6076 (4)	7/08	2540 Aqua	iMac	Intel Core 2 Duo	3.06	4	Mac OS 10.5.4	2.0 NVIDIA-1.5.28	clemens.cgl.ucsf.edu
GeForce 9600M GT	256	Mac	laptop	663	411	165	351	256	60	4.6	4.4	5.0	7.2	28.7	7003	3/09	1.3.2577 Aqua	MacBook Pro	Intel Core 2 Duo	2.4	4	Mac OS 10.5.6	2.0 NVIDIA-1.5.36
GeForce 9600M GT	512	Mac	laptop	634	415	177	332	236	320	5.4	5.4	6.1	8.7	35.0	8277	3/10	1.4_b29530	MacBook Pro	Intel Core 2 Duo	2.53	4	Mac OS 10.5.8	2.0 NVIDIA-1.5.48
Mobility Radeon X1700	256	Windows	laptop	622	607	153	98	251	60	5.1	4.7	9.3	9.4	32.4	7074	3/09	1.3	ASUSTeK Computer Inc. F3JP	Intel Core Duo T7200	2	2	Vista SP1	2.1.8494 Release
Radeon X1600	256	Mac	$100	607	546	155	256	77	60	3.3	3.3	9.6	5.4	27.1	6072	7/08	2540 Aqua	iMac	Intel Core Duo	2	2	Mac OS 10.4.11	2.0 ATI 1.4.56	oscar.cgl.ucsf.edu
Radeon X1600	256	Mac	laptop	604	519	180	311	244	574.9	2.8	2.8	13.2	4.8	38.3	8161	2/10	1.5_b29999 nsopengl 64-bit	MacBook Pro	Intel Core 2 Duo	2.33	2	Mac OS 10.6.2	2.0 ATI-1.6.6	Tom Goddard's laptop
Radeon X1600	256	Mac	laptop	603	519	174	315	249	575.1	2.4	2.4	11.5	4.2	43.3	8160	2/10	1.5_b29999 nsopengl 32-bit	MacBook Pro	Intel Core 2 Duo	2.33	2	Mac OS 10.6.2	2.0 ATI-1.6.6	Tom Goddard's laptop
Radeon X1600	256	Mac	laptop	575	565	172	313	232	17.8	3.7	3.6	10.5	4.7	30.3	7011	3/09	1.4_b26987 Aqua	MacBook Pro	Intel Core 2 Duo	2.33	2	Mac OS 10.5.6	2.0 ATI-1.5.36	Tom Goddard's laptop
GeForce 9500 GT	512 or 1024	Windows	$60	546	448	180	11	11	48.4	14.3	14.2	38.2	4.9	51.5	8274	3/10	1.4.1_b30025				4	Windows 7 x64	3.2.0
GeForce 7600 GT	256 ?	Linux	$100	509	349	169	419	130	60	13.8	13.9	30.1	29.9	31.1	6017	7/08	2540					Linux 2.6.23.17-88.fc7, x86_64	2.1.2 NVIDIA 173.14.09
Radeon 9800 Pro	128	Mac	$200	507	509	140	256	102	60	3.2	3.5	10.5	5.5	13.3	6041	7/08	2540 Aqua	Power Mac G5	Dual PowerPC 970 (2.2)	2	2.5	Mac OS 10.5.4	2.0 ATI 1.5.28	mach.cgl.ucsf.edu
Mobility Radeon X2300	?	Linux	integrated	489	489	183	185	303	60	8.6	8.6	12.4	12.1	37.1	6871	1/09	1.3.2577				3	Mandriva 2008.1	2.1.8304 Release
Mobility Radeon X2300	?	Windows	integrated	489	489	196	150	314	60	8.6	8.6	18.9	12.1	44.3	6872	1/09	1.3.2577	HP nc65xx			3	XP Pro SP3	2.1.7769 Release
Radeon HD 3200	shared	Windows	integrated	488	394	147	239	101	90	7.9	6.9	12.7	14.2	28.9	6032	7/08	2540				1.8	XP Pro SP2	2.1.7659
nVidia NB9M-NS	256?	Linux		442	372	198	283	251	170	20.6	20.5	42.4	20.2	40.3	8200	2/10	1.4.1_b30025		2 Core 2 Duo P9500	2.53	4	Fedora 9	2.1.2 NVIDIA 173.14.15
Mobility Radeon X1300	128?	Windows	laptop	420	423	127	113	232	60.0	3.5	3.3	3.1	2.4	3.8	7342	6/09	1.3.2577	Acer Aspire 5100	AMD Turion 64 X2		2	Vista Home SP1	2.0.6471
GeForce 9300M GS	256	Linux	laptop	406	290	175	192	181	22.3	8.4	8.4	22.3	12.8	28.2	7262	5/09	1.4_b27479				3	Ubuntu 9.04, Linux 2.6.28-11-generic i686	3.0.0 NVIDIA 180.44
GeForce Go 7400	256?	Windows	laptop	361	178	161	59	21	18.4	5.3	5.7	14.5	5.8	28.9	7883	11/09	1.4_b29188	Dell Latitude D820			3	XP SP3	OpenGL 2.1.1
GeForce Go 7300	256	Linux	laptop	350	241	151	111	255	54.5	6.2	6.4	16.9	8.7	23.7	7508	7/09	1.3.2577				2	openSUSE 11.1, X86_64	2.1.2 NVIDIA 180.51
GeForce 8600 GT	256	Linux	$100	341	503	168	457	298	19.7	4.3	4.3	9.2	7.6	29.1	6684	12/08	1.4.2578				2	CentOS 5.2, Linux 2.6.18-92.1.22.el5 x86_64	2.1.2 NVIDIA 169.09
Quadro NVS 290	256	Linux	$100	324	231	203	179	334	60	12.0	11.9	33.9	15.0	40.7	7093	3/09	1.3				6	Linux 2.6.28.1-desktop-1 x86_64	2.1.2 NVIDIA 180.22
Quadro4 980 XGL	128	Windows	$150	287	286	158	256	256	60	12.1	12.0	32.7	17.0	24.7	7076	3/09	1.3	hp workstation xw4100	Pentium 4	3	2	Windows XP SP3	1.5.7	dali.cgl.ucsf.edu
GeForce 6600	256	Mac	$100	263	242	171	261	219	12.5	3.4	3.8	8.5	5.3	19.1	7968	12/09	1.4_b26979	Power Mac G5 Quad	4 PPC G5	2.5	4.5	Mac OS 10.5.8	2.0 NVIDIA-1.5.48
GeForce 8200M	shared	Windows	integrated	255	221	127	16	171	23.4	5.4	5.9	13.2	7.7	20.8	6807	12/08	1.3.2577	HP G60 Notebook PC			3	Vista home, SP1	2.1.2
Intel 965/963 GMA	0	Windows	integrated	249	232	188	30	181	11.7	1.6	1.3	14.0	1.2	42.0	7443	7/09	1.3.2577	Dell OptiPlex 745			2	Windows XP Pro SP3	1.5.0 - Build 7.14.10.4943
ATI Radeon 9600	128	Mac	$50	218	217	86	155	75	72	3.6	3.6	8.8	5.9	12.8	5979	7/08	2536 X11	iMac	G5	2	1	Mac OS 10.4.10	1.5 ATI-1.4.18	UCSF Mission Bay Library
GeForce 8500 GT	256 or 512	Windows	$50	214	73	189	2	21	15.2	8.3	8.3	11.6	2.4	41.8	6100	7/08	2540					Windows XP Pro SP3	2.1.1
Intel 965/963 GMA	0	Windows	laptop	189	187	186	187	127	15.1	1.3	1.3	14.8	1.4	48.4	8155	2/10	1.4.1_b29977	Toshiba Portege M700			4	Windows 7 build 7600 x64	2.0.0 - Build 8.15.10.1912
GeForce Go 6150	0	Windows	laptop	178	114	127	13	13	14.5	3.9	4.4	11.8	3.4	24.9	7841	11/09	1.4_b29188	HP Pavilion DV2310	AMD Turion 64 X2		1	Windows Vista SP2	2.1.0
Intel Cantiga	0	Windows	laptop	163	164	174	246	157	15.1	1.3	1.2	13.4	1.4	38.7	8322	3/10	1.4_b29530					Windows Vista SP2	1.5.0 - Build 7.15.10.1502
Tungsten Graphics		Linux		161	173	150	69	146	64	2.3	2.2	8.8	2.9	18.4	7580	8/09	1.3.2577				3	CentOS 5.3 (Final)	Mesa (6.5.1) DRI R200 20060602
Intel Bear Lake B	0	Windows	integrated	152	151	174	204	124	11.2	1.4	1.4	12.4	1.4	42.5	7327	5/09	1.4 b27645	HP Compaq dx2400 Microtower	Dual Pentium E2180	2	1	Windows Vista Pro SP1	1.4.0 - Build 7.14.10.1461	CGL test lab
Intel 945G	0	Windows	integrated	142	139	167	181	99	20.1	1.2	1.2	13.7	1.2	41.3	8343	4/10	1.4.1_b30282	HP-Pavilion RX900AA-ABA a6010n			3	Vista SP2	1.4.0 - Build 7.14.10.1461
Intel 945GM	0	Windows	integrated	140	137	152	174	262	13.0	1.1	1.1	12.1	1.1	28.4	7340	6/09	1.3.2577	Lenovo ThinkPad X60 Tablet 6363WDP	Core Duo		2	Windows XP Pro SP2	1.4.0 - Build 7.14.10.4926
Intel GMA X3100	?	Windows	laptop	92	113	174	3	3	5.5	2.3	1.9	17.2	1.5	42.9	7876	11/09	1.4_b29053	Dell XPS M1330	Intel Core 2 Duo T5550	1.83	3	Vista SP2	GDI Generic, OpenGL 1.1.0
ATI Rage 128	16	Mac	$20	65	72	72	37	67	13.5	0.8	0.7	3.3	0.5	4.3	7357	6/09	1.3.2577	Power Mac G4	G4	0.45	0.375	Mac OS 10.4.11	1.1 ATI-1.4.4
GeForce 8600 GT	256	Windows	$100	1	195	187	2	15	15.7	10.5	8.6	13.2	1.9	40.2	6954	2/09	1.3.2577	G31M-ES2L			3	Windows XP Pro SP3	2.1.2
GeForce 6150 SE	128	Windows	integrated	1	38	148	1	1	2.3	8.2	8.2	12.6	3.5	18.0	7305	5/09	1.3.2577	M61SME-S2			1	Windows XP Pro SP3	2.0.3
Mesa	0	Linux	0	1	38	136	2	2	1.7	0.9	0.8	5.1	0.4	18.6	8063	1/10	1.4_b29530		Intel Pentium M	1.5	2	Ubuntu 9.10	2.1 Mesa 7.6
Intel 945GM	0	Linux	integrated	1	24	147	1	1	1.3	0.5	0.5	3.0	0.3	22.2	7370	6/09	1.4_b27752				2	ALT Linux 4.1 Desktop (Thymus)	1.3 Mesa 7.0.4, Mesa DRI 20061017

Notes

(1) Peak frame rate is limited in molecule benchmarks to 60 frames per second because of synchronization to the display refresh rate.

(2) CPU and graphics both overclocked.

(3) Low surface/mesh scores probably because the machine was being used for other tasks while benchmarks were running. Detailed scores showed larger test sizes producing faster frame rates.

(4) Solid benchmark ran out of memory on sizes larger than the reported score (32-bit Chimera limitation).